Aspiration
Aspiration happens when material enters the airway or lungs, often during unconsciousness or after vomiting.
Aspiration is the accidental entry of food, liquid, vomit, or other material into the airway and lungs, rather than the stomach. It can occur during swallowing, vomiting, or when a person is unconscious and loses the ability to protect their airway. In a first aid situation, aspiration is serious, as it can block the airway (causing choking) or lead to aspiration pneumonia, a potentially life-threatening lung infection.
Common causes of aspiration in emergencies include regurgitation during CPR, vomiting in an unconscious person, or choking while eating. It is especially dangerous when the casualty is not alert, as they may not have a strong cough reflex to clear the airway.
First aid responders should act quickly. If the person is conscious and showing signs of aspiration (such as coughing or gagging), encourage them to keep coughing to clear the material. If they become unable to breathe, speak, or cough, treat it as a choking emergency and follow standard choking procedures (back blows and chest thrusts).
In an unconscious casualty, immediately roll them onto their side to allow fluids to drain and clear any visible material from the mouth. Reassess breathing and begin CPR if required. Always seek emergency medical assistance, as even small amounts of aspirated material can cause severe complications.
Recognising and managing aspiration early can significantly reduce the risk of choking and lung infections, making it a critical skill in first aid.
Coughing or gagging during eating or vomiting
Difficulty breathing or shortness of breath
Noisy or wheezy breathing
Bluish lips or skin (cyanosis)
Sudden onset of choking or respiratory distress
If the person is conscious and coughing, encourage them to keep coughing.
If they cannot cough, speak, or breathe – begin choking first aid.
If unconscious, roll them onto their side and clear the airway.
Reassess breathing and begin CPR if needed.
Call 000 for emergency medical help.
Aspiration occurs when foreign material such as food, liquid, or vomit enters the airway or lungs. It can lead to choking or serious complications like infection.